Figure 4

In-hospital mortality stratified by hospital ___location. p value Gray’s test was used for calculating equality of cumulative incidence function. When NIV was applied exclusively in medical wards, respiratory high dependency units or Emergency Department, patients were included in the ‘out-of-ICU’ group. When NIV was applied before and after ICU admission, patients were included in the ‘out- and in-ICU’ group. When NIV was applied exclusively after ICU admission patients were included in the ‘in-ICU’ group. NIV: non-invasive ventilation; ICU: intensive care unit; ETI: endotracheal intubation.