Figure 2 | Scientific Reports

Figure 2

From: A novel photosynthetic biologic topical gel for enhanced localized hyperoxygenation augments wound healing in peripheral artery disease

Figure 2

Human dermal fibroblast viability and migration under hypoxia after biologic gel treatment. (a,b) Before hypoxia treatment under the normoxic condition, high fibroblast viability with normal morphology was observed. After 24 h in the serum-starved, 2% O2 hypoxia condition, a decrease in fibroblast viability was noted with altered cellular morphology. Treatment with hyaluronic acid in BG11 further decreased fibroblast viability compared to control (p = 0.04), whereas treatment with the novel biologic gel and S. elongatus in PBS in light greatly restored cellular morphology compared to baseline in the normoxic condition. Treatment with the novel biologic gel significantly improved fibroblast viability compared to control (p = 0.02). No difference was observed in fibroblast viability between control and treatment using S. elongatus in PBS in light (p = 0.34). A total of 10 samples were measured for each treatment group. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation. Green = alive; red = dead. S. elongatus was stained red irrespective of its viability using this mammalian live/dead assay. Scale bar = 100 µm. (c) Fibroblast migration demonstrated by wound healing in a scratch assay showed the smallest normalized wound area at 18 and 24 h after treatment using the novel biologic gel compared control (p = 0.009 and p = 0.002, respectively). No difference was observed in the normalized wound area at 6 h among the different treatment groups. At 18 and 24 h, treatment using hyaluronic acid in BG11 and E. elongatus in PBS did not result in any difference in normalized wound area compared to control. The control group refers to cells that received PBS treatment under the hypoxia condition. A total of 5 samples were measured for each treatment group. The error bars represent standard error. Statistical analysis was performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc correction. Statistics shown on the figure represent the results from ANOVA.* Indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, and *** indicates p < 0.001.

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