Table 10 Predictive performance by SVR and RF models.
From: Developing a hybrid time-series artificial intelligence model to forecast energy use in buildings
Building | Evaluation | Performance by SVR | Performance by RF | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSE (kWh) | MAE (kWh) | MAPE (%) | R | RMSE (kWh) | MAE (kWh) | MAPE (%) | R | ||
Building 1 | 1 | 0.86 | 0.60 | 13.47 | 0.868 | 0.82 | 0.57 | 14.65 | 0.871 |
2 | 5.90 | 3.84 | 8.48 | 0.984 | 3.94 | 2.58 | 6.50 | 0.993 | |
3 | 7.17 | 3.79 | 6.59 | 0.979 | 3.96 | 2.58 | 5.42 | 0.994 | |
4 | 4.12 | 2.50 | 6.82 | 0.976 | 2.83 | 1.84 | 5.36 | 0.989 | |
 | Average | 4.51 | 2.68 | 8.84 | 0.952 | 2.89 | 1.89 | 7.98 | 0.961 |
Building 2 | 1 | 0.86 | 0.60 | 13.47 | 0.868 | 0.82 | 0.57 | 14.65 | 0.871 |
2 | 0.87 | 0.52 | 17.09 | 0.901 | 0.65 | 0.42 | 16.43 | 0.945 | |
3 | 8.19 | 6.01 | 8.49 | 0.956 | 9.31 | 7.30 | 10.39 | 0.946 | |
4 | 5.47 | 4.29 | 7.95 | 0.850 | 6.12 | 4.87 | 9.19 | 0.818 | |
 | Average | 3.85 | 2.86 | 11.75 | 0.894 | 4.22 | 3.29 | 12.67 | 0.895 |
Building 3 | 1 | 71.27 | 25.50 | 7.02 | 0.986 | 48.06 | 22.25 | 8.00 | 0.994 |
2 | 12.38 | 8.71 | 8.56 | 0.967 | 18.80 | 12.08 | 11.92 | 0.925 | |
3 | 73.59 | 35.10 | 11.7 | 0.981 | 38.45 | 21.82 | 8.49 | 0.995 | |
4 | 50.49 | 23.31 | 11.62 | 0.978 | 40.83 | 23.36 | 10.88 | 0.986 | |
 | Average | 51.94 | 23.15 | 9.73 | 0.978 | 36.53 | 19.88 | 9.82 | 0.975 |
Building 4 | 1 | 16.44 | 9.30 | 7.87 | 0.978 | 11.74 | 7.36 | 6.14 | 0.988 |
2 | 6.76 | 4.39 | 8.01 | 0.796 | 7.25 | 4.49 | 8.38 | 0.767 | |
3 | 4.85 | 3.13 | 7.38 | 0.861 | 5.11 | 3.25 | 7.63 | 0.817 | |
4 | 5.90 | 3.57 | 9.73 | 0.882 | 5.17 | 3.06 | 8.27 | 0.907 | |
 | Average | 8.49 | 5.10 | 8.25 | 0.879 | 7.32 | 4.54 | 7.61 | 0.870 |
Building 5 | 1 | 0.74 | 0.55 | 7.17 | 0.908 | 0.83 | 0.58 | 7.35 | 0.902 |
2 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 3.93 | 0.933 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 5.46 | 0.893 | |
3 | 0.58 | 0.44 | 6.29 | 0.839 | 0.63 | 0.48 | 6.84 | 0.799 | |
4 | 0.63 | 0.39 | 6.95 | 0.807 | 0.62 | 0.42 | 7.33 | 0.819 | |
 | Average | 0.57 | 0.41 | 6.09 | 0.872 | 0.63 | 0.45 | 6.75 | 0.853 |
Building 6 | 1 | 1.54 | 0.84 | 15.13 | 0.979 | 2.71 | 1.49 | 18.58 | 0.957 |
2 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 13.68 | 0.773 | 0.53 | 0.29 | 23.12 | 0.621 | |
3 | 0.90 | 0.60 | 13.41 | 0.957 | 0.73 | 0.47 | 9.32 | 0.970 | |
4 | 0.71 | 0.40 | 16.49 | 0.801 | 0.55 | 0.33 | 14.00 | 0.897 | |
 | Average | 0.87 | 0.50 | 14.68 | 0.877 | 1.13 | 0.65 | 16.26 | 0.861 |
Overall average | 11.70 | 5.78 | 9.89 | 0.909 | 8.79 | 5.12 | 10.18 | 0.903 | |
Standard deviation | 21.36 | 9.14 | 3.60 | 0.071 | 13.79 | 7.30 | 4.58 | 0.093 |