Table 1 Univariate analysis of demographic, clinical and anatomical predictors for postoperative deterioration.

From: Functional outcome after pediatric cerebral cavernous malformation surgery

Parameter

No postoperative deterioration (n = 45, 91.8%)

Postoperative deterioration (n = 4, 8.2%)

p

OR

95%CI

Age (years), mean ± SD

11.1 ± 5.9

13.3 ± 2.2

.480a

N/A

N/A

Female sex, n (%)

19 (42.2%)

1 (25.0%)

.636b

.46

.04–4.73

Lesion side, n (%)

.999b

N/A

N/A

• Left

22 (48.9%)

2 (50.0%)

• Right

20 (44.4%)

2 (50.0%)

• Midline

3 (6.7%)

0 (0.0%)

Lesion localization, n (%)

.026b

N/A

N/A

• Supratentorial

37 (82.2%)

1 (25.0%)

• Cerebellar

3 (6.7%)

0 (0.0%)

• Brainstem

5 (11.1%)

3 (75.0%)

Lesion volume in cm3, mean ± SD

4.39 ± 4.53

5.76 ± 4.39

.564a

N/A

N/A

Deep-seated lesion, n (%)

28 (62.2%)

4 (100.0%)

.284b

1.14

1.00–1.30

Eloquent localization, n (%)

18 (40.0%)

3 (75.0%)

.301b

1.13

0.93–1.36

Multiple CCM (≥ 2 CCM), n (%)

16 (35.6%)

1 (25.0%)

.999b

.60

.06–6.30

DVA§, n (%)

7 (17.5%)

1 (25.0%)

.566b

1.57

.14–17.42

CRE, n (%)

24 (53.3%)

1 (25.0%)

.349b

.29

.03–3.02

Recurrent bleeding in history, n (%)

12 (26.7%)

2 (50.0%)

.568b

2.75

.35–21.75

ICH at presentation, n (%)

37 (82.2%)

3 (75.0%)

.569b

.65

.06–7.07

Asymptomatic at presentation*, n (%)

4 (9.5%)

0 (0.0%)

.999b

.91

.82–1.00

Complete resection, n (%)

41 (91.8%)

3 (75.0%)

.359b

.25

.02–3.28

mRS preoperative, n (%)

.039b

N/A

N/A

• 0

2 (4.4%)

1 (25.0%)

• 1

26 (57.8%)

0 (0.0%)

• 2

9 (20.0%)

3 (75.0%)

• 3

2 (4.4%)

0 (0.0%)

• 4

6 (13.3%)

0 (0.0%)

• 5

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

• 6

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

mRS postoperative, n (%)

 < .001b

N/A

N/A

• 0

25 (55.6%)

0 (0.0%)

• 1

13 (28.9%)

1 (25.0%)

• 2

5 (11.1%)

0 (0.0%)

• 3

2 (4.4%)

1 (25.0%)

• 4

0 (0.0%)

2 (4.4%)

• 5

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

• 6

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

  1. A minimum one-point increase on the mRS score compared to the preoperative score was defined as deterioration. Changes in mRS refer to comparison between mRS at admission and final follow-up.
  2. P values marked with bold indicate statistically significant differences between the groups.
  3. aStudent’s t-test or Mann–Whitney-U test.
  4. bChi-Square test or Fisher exact test.
  5. CCM cerebral cavernous malformation, CRE CCM-related epilepsy, DVA developmental venous anomaly, ICH CCM-related intracerebral hemorrhage, mRS modified Rankin Scale, N/A not applicable, §: 5 patients missing, *: 3 patients missing.
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