Table 5 Cox proportional hazards analysis for the independent risk factors in respiratory disease mortality.

From: The effect of lifestyle on the mortality associated with respiratory diseases in the general population

 

Hazard ratio

95% CI

p value

Respiratory diseases including malignant neoplasm (n = 1263)

 Sex (men)

3.750

3.056

4.623

 < 0.0001*

 Age (+ 1 year)

1.106

1.090

1.122

 < 0.0001*

 Body mass index (+ 1 kg/m2)

0.915

0.892

0.939

 < 0.0001*

 Systolic blood pressure (+ 1 mmHg)

0.995

0.995

1.004

0.6863

 Habit of walking and/or physical activity

0.839

0.718

0.979

0.0261*

 Fast walking speed

0.518

0.439

0.610

 < 0.0001*

 Smoking history

1.941

1.627

2.309

 < 0.0001*

 Drinking habits

0.617

0.523

0.729

 < 0.0001*

 Adequate sleep

1.170

0.965

1.430

0.1114

 History of cerebrovascular diseases

1.623

1.247

2.079

0.0005*

 History of cardiovascular diseases

1.273

0.991

1.613

0.0588

 Hemoglobin A1c (+ 1%)

1.213

1.127

1.298

 < 0.0001*

 Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (+ 1 mg/dl)

0.995

0.992

0.997

 < 0.0001*

 Alanine aminotransferase (+ 1 U/L)

1.001

0.997

1.005

0.5408

 Uric acid (+ 1 mg/dl)

1.056

1.012

1.084

0.0161*

 Creatinine (+ 1 mg/dl)

1.132

0.902

1.308

0.2430

 Urinary protein (positive)

1.432

1.189

1.716

0.0002*

Respiratory diseases excluding malignannt neoplasm (n = 437)

 Sex (men)

3.898

2.879

5.355

 < 0.0001*

 Age (+ 1 year)

1.141

1.111

1.173

 < 0.0001*

 Body mass index (+ 1 kg/m2)

0.831

0.790

0.874

 < 0.0001*

 Diastolic blood pressure (+ 1 mmHg)

0.989

0.977

1.001

0.0703

 Weight gain more than 10 kg since age 20

1.083

0.767

1.515

0.6470

 Exercise habit for more than 30 min

0.591

0.442

0.783

0.0002*

 Fast walking speed

0.274

0.197

0.375

 < 0.0001*

 History of cerebrovascular diseases

2.049

1.379

2.950

0.0006*

 History of cardiovascular diseases

1.336

0.893

1.936

0.1537

 History of chronic renal failure

2.175

0.765

4.831

0.1309

 Hemoglobin A1c (+ 1%)

1.241

1.108

1.366

0.0005*

 Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (+ 1 mg/dl)

0.995

0.991

0.999

0.0281*

 Aspartate aminotransferase (+ 1 U/L)

1.002

0.996

1.005

0.3752

 Uric acid (+ 1 mg/dl)

1.066

1.000

1.101

0.0497*

 Estimated glomerular filtration rate (+ 1 mL/min/1.73m2)

1.006

1.003

1.007

0.0003*

 Urinary protein (positive)

1.876

1.396

2.491

 < 0.0001*

Malignant neoplasm of respiratory tract (n = 826)

 Sex (men)

3.607

2.306

5.723

 < 0.0001*

 Age (+ 1 year)

1.096

1.064

1.131

 < 0.0001*

 Waist circumference (+ 1 cm)

1.014

0.996

1.032

0.1242

 Systolic blood pressure (+ 1 mmHg)

0.999

0.989

1.008

0.7573

 Fast walking speed

0.629

0.456

0.860

0.0035*

 Smoking history

3.287

2.349

4.586

 < 0.0001*

 Drinking habits

0.842

0.601

1.187

0.3247

 Adequate sleep

1.187

0.806

1.810

0.3955

 History of cerebrovascular diseases

1.650

0.955

2.671

0.0711

 History of cardiovascular diseases

0.717

0.375

1.244

0.2507

 Hemoglobin A1c (+ 1%)

1.209

1.035

1.380

0.0188*

 Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (+ 1 mg/dl)

0.996

0.991

1.002

0.1794

 Alanine aminotransferase (+ 1 U/L)

1.000

0.988

1.006

0.9749

 Hemoglobin (+ 1 g/dl)

0.884

0.792

0.993

0.0376*

 Uric acid (+ 1 mg/dl)

1.011

0.897

1.091

0.8525

 Creatinine (+ 1 mg/dl)

1.068

0.537

1.475

0.8094

 Urinary protein (positive)

0.964

0.634

1.421

0.8583

  1. Asterisk means p < 0.05, statistically significant.
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