Table 2 Associations between frequency of depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease risk.

From: Impacts of gender and lifestyle on the association between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease risk in the UK Biobank

Frequency of depressive symptoms

Crude

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

HR (95% CI)

P

HR (95% CI)

P

HR (95% CI)

P

HR (95% CI)

P

Low

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Moderate

1.00 (0.96–1.03)

 < 0.001

1.29 (1.25–1.34)

 < 0.001

1.20 (1.15–1.25)

 < 0.001

1.17 (1.12–1.22)

 < 0.001

High

1.37 (1.28–1.47)

 < 0.001

1.72 (1.62–1.84)

 < 0.001

1.40 (1.28–1.53)

 < 0.001

1.35 (1.23–1.47)

 < 0.001

Very high

1.50 (1.38–1.63)

 < 0.001

2.00 (1.85–2.16)

 < 0.001

1.47 (1.32–1.63)

 < 0.001

1.38 (1.24–1.53)

 < 0.001

P for trends

 

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

  1. Model1: adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity. Model 2: model 1 plus adjustment for Townsend deprivation index, income, sleep duration, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, SBP, DBP, HbA1C, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, eGFR, CRP, all cancer, CKD, chronic lung disease, chronic liver disease. Model 3: model 3 plus medication adjustments for diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or depression.
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