Figure 3 | Scientific Reports

Figure 3

From: Forecasting the progression of human civilization on the Kardashev Scale through 2060 with a machine learning approach

Figure 3

Results of the ARIMA prediction. (A) Three orders of differencing; the red curve displays the difference between two consecutive years of data in the original dataset, and the blue curve shows the values obtained by differencing the differenced data a second time. (B) Autocorrelation, which is the correlation between time series with a lagged version of itself, and partial autocorrelation, which is the additional correlation explained by each successive lagged term of the model; values beyond the shaded zone signify strong statistical significance. (C) The ratio of the total energy consumption (yellow curve) of the selected 42 countries to the global energy consumption together with the prediction results (blue curve).

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