Table 1 Physiochemical characteristics of the studied soils from each soil profile.

Sampling no.	Soil genetic horizon	Depth (cm)	Soil pH	Sand (%)	Silt (%)	Clay (%)	SOC (g kg⁻¹)	CEC (cmol kg⁻¹)	ECa (cmol kg⁻¹)	EMg (cmol kg⁻¹)	Fe_c (g kg⁻¹)	Fe_d (g kg⁻¹)
PF₂₀₀	Ap1	0–14	6.65	14.7	51.0	34.4	22.4	17.6	18.4	2.82	7.21	45.3
	Ap2	14–23	6.54	13.4	49.5	37.2	21.1	16.5	20.7	1.51	6.93	44.0
	Br1	23–60	6.65	11.7	51.3	37.0	18.7	16.6	21.6	3.25	9.11	46.3
	Br2	60–90	6.73	8.89	52.6	38.5	12.1	14.9	18.4	2.83	29.7	32.1
	G	90–120	7.04	21.7	52.4	25.9	10.0	11.5	45.1	3.46	13.3	26.1
PF₄₀₀	Ap1	0–13	7.02	30.2	41.9	27.9	18.0	15.2	13.6	1.41	6.46	37.6
	Ap2	13–28	6.98	16.1	43.5	40.4	13.6	16.0	21.1	2.70	1.61	43.8
	Br1	28–45	6.89	3.84	49.6	46.5	8.08	17.2	23.1	3.24	2.10	53.4
	Br2	45–73	6.96	3.98	49.6	46.4	7.98	18.4	22.1	6.38	3.59	54.5
	Br3	73–92	6.89	2.62	53.9	43.5	8.70	16.1	32.6	6.89	5.43	49.9
	G	92–118	6.72	3.79	57.9	38.3	11.4	15.5	44.7	5.78	33.8	34.3
PF₉₀₀	Ap1	0–19	6.20	35.8	37.9	26.3	13.7	14.4	11.8	1.58	9.20	29.0
	Ap2	19–32	6.43	30.4	36.3	33.4	9.57	14.4	20.5	1.61	5.19	33.6
	Br1	32–59	6.65	22.3	40.3	37.4	5.92	15.1	33.0	3.28	3.27	38.5
	Br2	59–82	6.75	8.38	50.2	41.4	4.14	12.9	12.7	2.74	1.11	40.7
	G	82–113	6.87	3.90	47.7	48.4	4.73	14.3	12.8	2.91	1.10	36.8

PF₂₀₀, PF₄₀₀ and PF₉₀₀ means paddy field with cultivation ages of 200, 400-yr and 900-yr, respectively. SOC, soil organic C; CEC, cation exchange capacity; ECa, exchangeable calcium; EMg, exchangeable magnesium; Fe_d, free iron; Fe_c, active iron.

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