Table 1 Effects of age-sex class of the focal individual, habitat food availability, the presence of party members who approached the apparatus on A) looking duration, B) approach latency, C) approach distance and D) probability of agitation (i.e., the presence of signs of agitation), controlled for the initial exposure distance, trial number (i.e., the individual-specific trial order).

From: Ecological, social, and intrinsic factors affecting wild orangutans’ curiosity, assessed using a field experiment

Model	Response	Factors	Factor Type	Estimate	Std. Error	P-Value
A	Looking duration	Intercept	Intercept	3.769	0.807	< 0.001
		Age-sex Class	Predictor
		Immatures—Mothers		− 1.444	0.595	0.031
		Immatures—Unfl. Males		− 2.902	0.602	< 0.001
		Mothers—Unfl. Males		− 1.457	0.679	0.032
		Food availability	Predictor	0.178	0.068	0.009
		Party approached	Predictor	0.653	0.294	0.027
		Exposure distance	Control	− 0.052	0.032	0.107
		Trial number	Control	− 0.014	0.026	0.573
		Individual	Random
B	Approach Latency	Intercept	Intercept	− 0.775	0.562	0.168
		Age-sex Class	Predictor
		Immatures—Mothers		0.580	0.253	0.044
		Immatures—Unfl. Males		1.230	0.300	< 0.001
		Mothers—Unfl. Males		0.650	0.337	0.054
		Food availability	Predictor	0.100	0.051	0.049
		Party approached	Predictor	0.013	0.248	0.957
		Exposure distance	Control	0.033	0.023	0.154
		Trial number	Control	0.047	0.017	0.006
		Individual	Random
C	Approach distance	Intercept	Intercept	0.143	0.387	0.711
		Age-sex Class	Predictor
		Immatures—Mothers		− 0.572	0.243	0.056
		Immatures—Unfl. Males		− 0.277	0.262	0.581
		Mothers—Unfl. Males		0.295	0.290	0.581
		Food availability	Predictor	0.017	0.033	0.611
		Party approached	Predictor	1.096	0.139	< 0.001
		Exposure distance	Control	0.047	0.015	0.002
		Trial number	Control	0.006	0.012	0.623
		Individual	Random
D	Agitation	Intercept	Intercept	2.167	1.182	0.067
		Age-sex Class	Predictor
		Immatures—Mothers		− 0.840	0.619	0.321
		Immatures—Unfl. Males		− 2.189	0.895	0.043
		Mothers—Unfl. Males		− 1.349	0.962	0.321
		Food availability	Predictor	− 0.121	0.105	0.232
		Party approached	Predictor	0.211	0.434	0.628
		Exposure distance	Control	− 0.087	0.049	0.077
		Trial number	Control	− 0.116	0.043	0.007
		Individual	Random
E	Touch	Intercept	Intercept	0.662	2.524	0.793
		Age-sex Class	Predictor
		Immatures—Mothers		− 1511	1.605	1
		Immatures—Unfl. Males		− 18.927	4954	1
		Mothers—Unfl. Males		− 17.416	4954	1
		Food availability	Predictor	− 0.268	0.212	0.207
		Party approached	Predictor	1.449	0.918	0.114
		Exposure distance	Control	− 0.196	0.118	0.096
		Trial number	Control	0.082	0.059	0.169
		Individual	Random

Including estimate, standard errors, and p-values, analyzed with GLMMs with a Gaussian (models A, B, C) or Binomial (models D, E) family distribution. Looking durations, approach latencies and distance changes were log transformed (log(x + 1)). Significant p-values of the predictor variables at the 5% level are bolded and trends at the 8% level are underlined. R² values were: 0.38 for model A, 0.27 for model B, 0.38 for model C, 0.13 and for model D.

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