Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

CAI group

- CAI was defined as incurring at least one ankle sprain and at least one subsequent episode of giving way occurring at least 12 months before the study

-We used the Iranian version of CAIT, FAAM– ADL and the FAAM–Sport

-Reporting a score:

 < 24 on the (CAIT)³⁶,

 < 90% on the FAAM– ADL

 < 80% on the FAAM–Sport^36,37

- A recent history (< 6 months) of lower extremity injury/surgery (including lateral ankle sprain), diagnosis of ankle osteoarthritis, history of ankle surgery involving intra-articular fixation, or current pregnancy¹⁴

PFP group

-Participants were included in the PFP who showed anterior knee pain for at least three months during the performance of at least two of the following tasks: ascending and descending stairs, squatting, running, jumping or remaining seated for a long time, besides showing a minimum score of three points in the NPRS³⁸

-Participants also must have presented with an insidious onset of symptoms unrelated to trauma and a positive Clark test³⁹

-Tenderness to palpation of the patellar tendon, the inferior pole of the patella, or tibial tubercle as the primary complaint. Tenderness to palpation of the patellar tendon, the inferior pole of the patella, or tibial tubercle as the primary complaint¹⁰

-Other diagnoses of the knee including: patellar tendinitis, iliotibial band syndrome, Osgood- Schlatter’s disease, Sinding-Larsen’s Johansson’s disease, fracture, or ligamentous injuries. Prior knee surgery, history of patellar subluxation or dislocation¹⁰

Control healthy group

-Participants had to be free of lower extremity symptoms

-Without any history of ankle sprains

-No pain in the NPRS

-Negative Clark test

-History of pathology involving the comparable knee, ankle or other joints of the lower extremity

-Reported any history of lower extremity surgery, neuropathies, diabetes, balance disorder, Raynaud’s diseases, cold-induced circulatory problems, and other conditions known to affect balance