Table 3 Multivariable multinomial logistic regression results for the association between delivery method and weight status based on BMI z-score percentiles at age 1 year, 3 years, and 6 years.

Delivery method (vs. vaginal)

Cesarean section

0.94

(0.67–1.31)

0.97

(0.69–1.36)

0.90

(0.62–1.32)

0.98

(0.67–1.42)

0.85

(0.54–1.34)

0.71

(0.45–1.12)

Maternal age (vs. < 30)

30–34

1.01

(0.55–1.86)

1.08

(0.56–2.09)

1.35

(0.66–2.78)

2.89

(0.95–8.75)

0.75

(0.31–1.83)

1.10

(0.36–3.37)

35–39

1.09

(0.60–1.95)

1.04

(0.55–1.96)

1.09

(0.54–2.19)

3.88

(1.32–11.40)

0.68

(0.28–1.61)

1.31

(0.44–3.89)

 ≥ 40

1.27

(0.68–2.38)

1.10

(0.56–2.18)

1.49

(0.72–3.12)

4.24

(1.40–12.84)

0.69

(0.28–1.69)

1.05

(0.34–3.25)

Maternal education (vs. high school or less)

Community college

0.53

(0.30–0.94)

1.20

(0.60–2.42)

0.80

(0.40–1.60)

1.13

(0.49–2.62)

0.63

(0.27–1.43)

1.31

(0.47–3.63)

University

0.54

(0.32–0.93)

1.48

(0.75–2.90)

0.59

(0.30–1.16)

1.37

(0.61–3.08)

0.44

(0.20–0.97)

1.04

(0.38–2.81)

Pre-pregnancy BMI (vs. < 18.5)

18.5–25

0.67

(0.47–0.94)

1.95

(1.24–3.05)

0.81

(0.54–1.22)

1.53

(0.95–2.46)

0.54

(0.34–0.86)

2.26

(1.21–4.25)

 > 25

0.43

(0.19–0.98)

4.03

(2.02–8.03)

0.52

(0.21–1.28)

2.51

(1.17–5.42)

0.67

(0.19–2.40)

7.94

(2.77–22.79)

Gestational age (vs. < 37 weeks)

 ≥ 37 weeks

0.85

(0.40–1.81)

0.55

(0.25–1.21)

1.18

(0.48–2.87)

0.47

(0.20–1.11)

2.11

(0.54–8.19)

0.48

(0.18–1.27)

Birth weight (vs. 2500–4000)

 < 2500

1.22

(0.74–2.01)

0.36

(0.18–0.72)

1.98

(1.11–3.52)

0.40

(0.18–0.89)

1.36

(0.67–2.74)

0.77

(0.35–1.67)

 > 4000

0.41

(0.05–3.51)

1.59

(0.42–6.07)

-

-

1.97

(0.38–10.14)

0.62

(0.06–6.17)

1.44

(0.23–9.00)