Figure 4

Comprehensive functional enrichment analysis highlighting distinct molecular landscapes of the two subtypes. (A) A detailed volcano plot visualizing the differential gene expression landscape between Cluster 1 and Cluster 2, sourced from the TCGA database, shedding light on the scale and significance of these variations. (B) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of genes that displayed substantial differences in expression levels (criterion: |FoldChange|> 2 and p < 0.05), unveiling key biological pathways that differentiate the subtypes. (C–E) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, dissecting the roles of the differentially expressed genes (|FoldChange|> 2 and p < 0.05) across three dimensions: Biological Process, Cellular Components, and Molecular Functions, providing insights into the underlying functional mechanisms. (F) Heatmap representation illustrating the GSVA scores for the two subtypes, capturing the breadth and depth of pathway activities and underlining the distinct enrichment landscape of Cluster 1 and Cluster 2. The heatmap was generated using the 'gplots' package (version 3.1.3) in R (version 4.2.1, [https://www.r-project.org/]).