Table 4 Unadjusted and multivariable adjusted analyses of risk factors associated with HL.

From: Analysis of audiological outcomes of children referred from a universal newborn hearing screening program over 9 years in Beijing, China

Variables

Unadjusted analysis

Multivariable adjusted analysis

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

Age

1.063 (1.033–1.094)

 < 0.001

1.070 (1.040–1.102)

 < 0.001

Sex

1.044 (0.866–1.259)

0.653

–

–

Craniofacial anomalies a

13.021 (4.038–41.988)

 < 0.001

0.068 (0.021–0.221)

 < 0.001

NICU b

0.403 (0.215–0.757)

0.005

1.674 (0.824–3.400)

0.154

Low birth weight c

0.197 (0.155–0.699)

0.012

4.537 (1.013–20.328)

0.048

Mechanical ventilation d

0.795 (0.229–2.755)

0.717

–

–

HL-associated syndromes e

5.603 (0.688–45.630)

0.107

–

–

Hyperbilirubinemia f

1.194 (0.199–7.165)

0.846

–

–

Bacterial meningitis

0.265 (0.267–2.548)

0.25

–

–

In utero infection g

 > 999.99 (0.00– > 999.99)

0.999

–

–

  1. NICU neonatal intensive care unit, HL hearing loss.
  2. aIncluding auricle and canal anomalies.
  3. bLength of stay in the NICU longer than 5 days.
  4. cBirth weight less than 1500 g.
  5. dMechanical ventilation time over 48 h/respiratory distress episode.
  6. eHL-associated syndromes in clinical/family history.
  7. fHyperbilirubinemia that met the requirements for blood exchange.
  8. gIncluding cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, etc.