Table 3 Chemical oxidation and base/acid modification process of the biochar.

From: Recent trends and economic significance of modified/functionalized biochars for remediation of environmental pollutants

Biochar Feedstock

Modification

Ratio of Liquid–solid

Temperature (°C)

Concentration

pH

Time

References

Bamboo

NaOH

–

60

10%

–

6 h

29

hydrothermal biochar, Alamo switch grass

KOH

500 mL: 2 g

25

2 M

5 and 7

1 h

26

Rice hull

KOH

500 mL: 2 g

25

3 M

–

1 h

27

Rice husk

H2SO4

200 mL:20 g

60

10% (v/v)

5 and 9

1 h

28

Burcucumber

C2H2O4 + H2SO4

100 mL: 5 g

25

30%

–

4 h

30

Jarrah, Sawdust

KOH

40 mL g−1

90

0.1 M

–

1 h

31

Acacia saligna

H3PO4

40 mL g−1

90

1 M

–

1 h

32

Peanut hull

Oxidation (H2O2)

20 mL:3 g

25

10%

–

2 h

33

Bamboo

Oxidation (H2O2)

1 mL g−1

25

15–30%

–

12 h

34

Apple tree branches

Oxidation (H2O2)

1:20 (w: v)

80

15%

–

6 h

35

Tea waste

H2SO4

100 mL:10 g

60

10%

7

1 h

36

Tea waste

HNO3

10 mL: 10 g

60

69%

7

3 h

37

Tea waste

HCl

100 mL:10 g

50

5 M

–

24 h

38

Poultry manure

H3PO4

5.63 mL: 240 g

25

50%

–

2 h

39

Bamboo hardwood

NaOH

100 mL:10 g

40

0.40 M

–

16 h

40

Cow manure and wheat straw

HNO3

300 mL:10 g

90

25%

 

4 h

41

Swine manure and rice straw

H3PO4

40 mL:20 g

25

14%

–

24 h

42

Dairy manure

NaOH

5:1

65

2 M

–

12 h

43

Coconut shell

HCl

250 mL:5 g

20

1 M

–

3 h

44

Corn straw

Na2S

500 mL:2 g

80

2 M

–

4 h

45

Corn straw

KOH

500 mL:2 g

80

2 M

–

4 h

46

Thalia dealbata

MgCl2

100 mL:10 g

25

1 M

 

0.5 h

30

Auricularia auricular dreg

Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)

250 mL:5 g

25

3.0%

 

2 h

40