Table 5 Effect of crop establishment methods and rice residue management on soil microbial count and diazotrophic count under rice–wheat cropping system (2018–2019 and 2019–20).

Treatment	Soil microbial count (10⁷ cfu/g soil)				Diazotrophic count (10⁴ cfu/g soil)
	75 DAS		Harvest		75 DAS		Harvest
	2018–2019	2019–20	2018–2019	2019–20	2018–2019	2019–20	2018–2019	2019–20
T1	71.7 ± 0.87e	82.8 ± 1.44e	58.7 ± 2.25d	70.1 ± 1.73d	49.2 ± 2.31ef	61.4 ± 3.18d	41.9 ± 1.53ef	47.7 ± 2.25d
T2	68.6 ± 2.02f	80.7 ± 2.60e	55.6 ± 2.78d	60.6 ± 1.73e	47.8 ± 2.18f	58.0 ± 1.44e	36.6 ± 1.15f	42.0 ± 1.44e
T3	88.4 ± 2.60b	96.6 ± 3.01abc	74.5 ± 2.73b	80.6 ± 3.06b	58.0 ± 1.15b	75.3 ± 1.44b	50.8 ± 3.51bc	65.1 ± 2.25b
T4	82.8 ± 1.44 c	94.7 ± 1.45bcd	69.8 ± 1.44c	77.4 ± 1.73bc	54.7 ± 1.33c	66.9 ± 1.44c	49.9 ± 1.15cd	56.4 ± 5.41c
T5	81.2 ± 1.44c	90.8 ± 1.44d	68.2 ± 1.44c	74.4 ± 1.73cd	53.8 ± 2.89cd	66.4 ± 1.44c	45.4 ± 2.31cde	52.6 ± 2.42cd
T6	94.1 ± 2.60a	98.6 ± 4.37ab	88.0 ± 1.73a	89.3 ± 3.14a	61.1 ± 2.31ab	78.2 ± 1.44ab	56.0 ± 2.30ab	71.0 ± 1.53a
T7	94.9 ± 1.44a	99.8 ± 1.44a	89.2 ± 2.12a	89.6 ± 1.90a	62.1 ± 1.97a	79.3 ± 1.44a	58.2 ± 5.28a	72.7 ± 0.15a
T8	80.9 ± 1.44c	92.8 ± 1.44cd	67.8 ± 2.77c	73.3 ± 1.73cd	51.8 ± 1.15cde	65.3 ± 3.18c	44.8 ± 2.00de	52.8 ± 1.44cd
T9	80.3 ± 1.49cd	91.4 ± 1.44d	67.3 ± 1.49c	72.5 ± 1.73d	50.4 ± 1.15def	64.8 ± 1.44c	44.5 ± 1.15de	51.8 ± 1.44cd
T10	77.7 ± 1.44d	92.1 ± 1.44cd	65.8 ± 4.74c	72.2 ± 1.73d	50.4 ± 2.31def	64.1 ± 3.28cd	42.7 ± 2.00e	51.4 ± 1.44cd

The values within columns with different letters differed significantly with each other. For all variables n = 3 ± standard error of mean.
T1, CTW drill sown after full residue burning; T2, CTW drill sown after removal of residues (without burning); T3, ZTW with anchored stubbles; T4, ZTW after anchored stubbles partial burning; T5, ZTW after full residue burning; T6, ZTW with Happy seeder in full residue load; T7, ZTW with Happy seeder after using chopper & spreader (full residue load); T8, CTW broadcast sown with rotavator after using chopper & spreader (full residue load); T9, CTW drill sown after using chopper, spreader & rotavator (full residue load); T10, CTW with spatial drill after using chopper & spreader (full residue load).

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