Table 2 Mean concentrations of infant urine metabolites ± standard deviation from 1-, 2-, and 3-months.

Amino acids and derivatives

 Alanine

399 ± 92

413 ± 99

405 ± 99

 Betaine

1598 ± 383

1622 ± 361

1550 ± 389

 Carnitine

38 ± 30

40 ± 32

43 ± 34

 Cysteine

269 ± 137

244 ± 137

277 ± 140

 Glutamine

330 ± 110^a

405 ± 124^b

420 ± 124^b

 Glycine

1383 ± 440^a

1119 ± 426^b

957 ± 365^c

 Glutathione

39 ± 13

36 ± 16

41 ± 16

 Guanidoacetate

187 ± 92

185 ± 53

184 ± 61

 Lysine

96 ± 46

97 ± 45

85 ± 43

 Methionine

45 ± 25

42 ± 25

39 ± 24

 N,N-Dimethylglycine

221 ± 95^a

193 ± 64^b

193 ± 89^b

 N-Acetyltyrosine

23 ± 33^a

44 ± 69^ab

50 ± 59^b

 Sarcosine

13 ± 5^a

10 ± 4^b

7 ± 3^c

 Serine

513 ± 161

560 ± 179

543 ± 185

 Taurine

741 ± 267

785 ± 275

789 ± 301

 Threonine

272 ± 96

265 ± 91

247 ± 68

 Valine

57 ± 22

58 ± 28

55 ± 27

Energy related

 2-Oxoglutarate

240 ± 194^a

192 ± 139^ab

173 ± 105^b

 Acetate

555 ± 512

630 ± 736

524 ± 546

 Citrate

1923 ± 817^a

2069 ± 772^a

2471 ± 1062^b

 Acetoacetate

12 ± 9^a

14 ± 8^a

17 ± 9^b

 Acetone

39 ± 21

36 ± 17

35 ± 24

 Creatine

108 ± 110

111 ± 144

164 ± 197

 Creatinine

1310 ± 365^a

1551 ± 345^b

1696 ± 430^b

 Formate

1222 ± 807

1264 ± 641

1261 ± 716

 Fumarate

17 ± 9

15 ± 7

15 ± 10

 Homocysteine

435 ± 314

465 ± 135

503 ± 249

 Lactate

216 ± 318

231 ± 421

196 ± 342

 Pyruvate

41 ± 36

38 ± 26

35 ± 26

 Succinate

117 ± 56

113 ± 45

111 ± 47

Fatty acids and derivatives

 Choline

56 ± 40^a

45 ± 22^b

40 ± 16^b

 S-Adenosylhomocysteine

6 ± 2

6 ± 2

6 ± 2

Not classified

 1-Methylnicotinamide

104 ± 37^a

88 ± 44^ab

81 ± 59^b

 Allantoin

72 ± 20

73 ± 22

66 ± 24

 Pantothenate

57 ± 19

60 ± 19

56 ± 20

 O-Phosphoethanolamine

142 ± 51

136 ± 44

134 ± 39

 Phenylacetate

55 ± 18

62 ± 51

59 ± 34

 Propylene glycol

1966 ± 1517

2042 ± 1468

2081 ± 1836

Food derived

 Caffeine

55 ± 35

59 ± 36

66 ± 43

 Dimethylamine

317 ± 71

330 ± 102

311 ± 122

 Tartrate

58 ± 21^a

37 ± 21^b

24 ± 14^c

 Trimethylamine

5 ± 2^a

7 ± 2^b

8 ± 2^c

 Hippurate

138 ± 90^a

159 ± 73^ab

181 ± 95^b

Sugars

 Galactose

884 ± 356

840 ± 301

848 ± 312

 Glucose

391 ± 232

376 ± 254

371 ± 195

 Lactose

722 ± 270

711 ± 243

678 ± 237

 Mannose

27 ± 47

24 ± 54

12 ± 28

 Myo-inositol

951 ± 398^a

563 ± 272^b

357 ± 180^c

Microbial origin

 Indole-3-lactate

14 ± 16

16 ± 25

20 ± 24