Table 4 Results of the frost-heaving force adjustment test on the surrounding rock.

From: Frost protection mechanism based on rubber airbag interlayered composite lining system for cold-region tunnels

Freezing time/h

Airbag model/kPa

Remarks

Airbag-less model/kPa

0

0.00

The full release of the frost-heaving force at 1.46 kPa

0.00

3

0.12

0.60

6

0.21

1.50

9

0.39

2.35

12

0.79

3.32

15

1.46

4.16

 

0.00

 

18

0.13

The full release of the frost-heaving force at 1.57 kPa

5.50

21

0.23

6.73

24

0.42

8.71

27

0.83

10.54

30

1.57

13.32

 

0.00

 

33

0.15

The full release of the frost-heaving force at 1.69 kPa

16.52

36

0.26

19.56

39

0.41

22.83

42

0.86

26.32

45

1.69

28.25

 

0.00

28.25

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