Table 1 Demographic data of the participants.

From: Predicting early mortality and severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very-low birth weight preterm infants: a nationwide, multicenter study using machine learning

Variables

Cohort 1

Cohort 2

 

Early mortality

Severe IVH

Early poor outcomes

 

Early mortality

Severe IVH

Early poor outcomes

Total (N = 6558)

With (N = 282)

Without (N = 6276)

With (N = 533)

Without (N = 6025)

With (N = 719)

Without (N = 5839)

Total (N = 913)

With (N = 14)

Without (N = 899)

With (N = 58)

Without (N = 855)

With (N = 66)

Without (N = 847)

Antenatal steroid use, n (%)

5575 (85.0%)

225(79.8%)

5350 (85.3%)*

419 (78.6%)

5156 (85.6%)***

570 (79.3%)

5005 (85.7%)***

804 (88.1%)

14 (100%)

790 (87.9%)

47 (81.0%)

757 (88.5%)***

55 (83.3%)

749 (88.4%)***

Prenatal MgSO4 use, n (%)

3832 (58.4%)

147 (52.1%)

3685 (58.7%)*

296 (55.5%)

3536 (58.7%)

391 (54.4%)

3441 (58.9%)*

635 (69.6%)

12 (85.7%)

623 (69.3%)

36 (62.1%)

599 (70.1%)*

44 (66.7%)

591 (69.8%)*

PIH, n (%)

1831 (27.9%)

53 (18.8%)

1778 (28.3%)***

104 (19.5%)

1727 (28.7%)***

144 (20.0%)

1687 (28.9%)***

228 (25.0%)

3 (21.4%)

225 (25.0%)

5 (8.6%)

223 (26.1%)***

7 (10.6%)

221 (26.1%)**

Chorioamnionitis, n (%)

1004 (15.3%)

60 (21.3%)

944 (15.0%)**

138 (25.9%)

866 (14.4%)***

176 (24.5%)

828 (14.2%)***

151 (16.5%)

6 (42.9%)

145 (16.1%)**

23 (39.7%)

128 (15.0%)***

26 (39.4%)

125 (14.8%)***

GA, mean ± SD (weeks)

28.7 ± 3.0

25.3 ± 2.6

28.8 ± 3.0***

25.8 ± 2.4

28.9 ± 3.0***

25.8 ± 2.5

29.0 ± 2.9***

28.7 ± 3.0

24.5 ± 1.7

28.8 ± 2.9***

25.7 ± 2.2

28.9 ± 2.9***

25.5 ± 2.2

29.0 ± 2.9***

BBW < 500 g, n (%)

145 (2.2%)

48 (17.0%)

97 (1.6%)***

45 (8.4%)

100 (1.7%)**

75 (10.4%)

70 (1.2%)***

17 (1.9%)

1 (7.1%)

16 (1.8%)***

5 (8.6%)

12 (1.4%)***

5 (7.6%)

12 (1.4%)***

BBW 500–1000 g, n (%)

2482 (37.8%)

181 (64.2%)

2301 (36.7%)***

351 (65.9%)

2131 (35.4%)***

463 (64.4%)

2019 (34.6%)***

320 (35.0%)

12 (85.8%)

308 (34.3%)***

36 (62.1%)

284 (33.2%)***

44 (66.7%)

276 (32.6%)***

BBW 1000–1500 g, n (%)

3931 (60.0%)

53 (18.8%)

3878 (61.7%)***

137 (25.7%)

3794 (62.9%)***

181 (25.2%)

3750 (64.2%)***

576 (63.1%)

1 (7.1%)

575 (63.9%)***

17 (29.3%)

559 (65.4%)***

17 (25.7%)

559 (66.0%)***

Multiple births, n (%)

2052 (31.3%)

85 (30.1%)

1967 (31.3%)

156 (29.3%)

1896 (31.5%)

210 (29.2%)

1842 (31.6%)

292 (32.0%)

6 (42.9%)

286 (31.8%)

13 (22.4%)

279 (32.6%)

17 (25.8%)

275 (32.5%)

Cesarean section, n (%)

4879 (74.4%)

189 (67.0%)

4690 (74.7%)**

346 (64.9%)

4533 (75.2%)***

474 (65.9%)

4405 (75.4%)***

662 (72.5%)

9 (64.3%)

653 (72.6%)

32 (55.2%)

630 (73.7%)**

38 (57.6%)

624 (73.7%)**

Small for GA, n (%)

2729 (41.6%)

98 (34.8%)

2631 (41.9%)*

124 (23.3%)

2605 (43.2%)***

193 (26.8%)

2536 (43.4%)***

366 (40.1%)

4 (28.6%)

362 (40.3%)

13 (22.4%)

353 (41.3%)**

15 (22.7%)

351 (41.4%)**

Male gender, n (%)

3400 (51.9%)

168 (59.6%)

3232 (51.5%)**

314 (58.9%)

3086 (51.2%)***

423 (58.8%)

2977 (51.0%)***

461 (50.5%)

7 (50.0%)

454 (50.5%)

33 (56.9%)

428 (50.1%)***

37 (56.1%)

424 (50.1%)***

Apgar score < 7 at 1 min, n (%)

3814 (58.2%)

254 (90.1%)

3560 (56.7%)***

464 (87.1%)

3350 (55.6%)***

628 (87.3%)

3186 (54.6%)***

516 (56.5%)

14 (100%)

502 (55.8%)**

55 (94.8%)

461 (53.9%)***

63 (95.5%)

453 (53.5%)***

Apgar score < 7 at 5 min, n (%)

1118 (17.0%)

160 (56.7%)

958 (15.3%)***

233 (43.7%)

882 (14.6%)***

332 (46.2%)

786 (13.5%)***

148 (16.2%)

3 (21.4%)

145 (16.1%)**

22 (37.9%)

126 (14.7%)***

25 (37.9%)

123 (14.5%)***

BT (°C), mean ± SD

36.0 ± 0.9

35.4 ± 1.3

36.0 ± 0.9***

35.8 ± 1.2

36.0 ± 0.9***

35.7 ± 1.2

36.0 ± 0.9***

36.2 ± 0.7

35.4 ± 1.1

36.2 ± 0.7*

36.1 ± 1.0

36.2 ± 0.7*

36.0 ± 1.1

36.2 ± 0.7*

Early-onset sepsis, n (%)

169 (2.6%)

27 (9.6%)

142 (2.3%)***

41 (7.7%)

128 (2.1%)***

56 (7.8%)

113 (2.0%)***

24 (2.6%)

1 (7.1%)

23 (2.6%)

6 (10.3%)

18 (2.1%)**

6 (9.1%)

18 (2.1%)**

RDS, n (%)

4861 (74.1%)

274 (97.2%)

4587 (73.1%)***

490 (91.9%)

4371 (72.6%)***

670 (93.2%)

4191 (71.8%)***

729 (80.0%)

14 (100%)

715 (79.5%)**

56 (96.6%)

673 (78.7%)***

64 (97.0%)

665 (78.5%)***

Congenital anomalies, n (%)

124 (1.9%)

22 (7.8%)

102 (1.6%)***

11 (2.1%)

113 (1.9%)

30 (4.2%)

94 (1.6%)***

20 (2.2%)

0 (0%)

20 (2.2%)

3 (5.2%)

17 (2.0%)***

3 (4.6%)

17 (2.0%)***

Neonatal resuscitation, n (%)

6373 (97.2%)

282 (100%)

6091 (97.1%)**

532 (99.8%)

5841 (97.0%)***

718 (99.9%)

5655 (96.9%)***

899 (98.5%)

14 (100%)

885 (98.4%)

58 (100%)

841 (98.4%)***

66 (100%)

833 (98.4%)***

Oxygen supplementation, n (%)

6189 (94.4%)

278 (98.6%)

5911 (94.2%)**

520 (97.6%)

5669 (94.0%)***

704 (97.9%)

5485 (94.0%)***

877 (96.1%)

14 (100%)

863 (96.0%)

57 (98.3%)

820 (95.9%)***

65 (98.5%)

812 (95.9%)***

DRCPAP ventilation, n (%)

2225 (34.0%)

39 (13.8%)

2186 (34.8%)***

86 (16.1%)

2139 (35.5%)***

113 (15.7%)

2112 (36.2%)***

301 (33.0%)

1 (7.1%)

300 (33.4%)*

12 (20.7%)

289 (33.8%)*

12 (18.2%)

289 (34.1%)**

Positive pressure ventilation, n (%)

3455 (52.7%)

218 (77.3%)

3237 (51.6%)***

384 (72.1%)

3071 (51.0%)***

530 (73.7%)

2925 (50.1%)***

575 (63.0%)

14 (100%)

561 (62.4%)**

49 (84.5%)

526 (61.5%)***

57 (86.4%)

518 (61.2%)***

Endotracheal tube ventilation, n (%)

1976 (30.1%)

232 (82.3%)

1744 (27.8%)***

364 (68.3%)

1612 (26.8%)***

513 (71.4%)

1463 (25.1%)***

251 (27.5%)

11 (78.6%)

240 (26.7%)***

42 (72.4%)

209 (24.4%)***

50 (75.8%)

201 (23.7%)***

Chest compression, n (%)

303 (4.6%)

59 (20.9%)

244 (3.9%)***

57 (10.7%)

246 (4.1%)***

101 (14.1%)

202 (3.5%)***

18 (2.0%)

1 (7.1%)

17 (1.9%)

6 (10.3%)

12 (1.4%)***

7 (10.6%)

11 (1.3%)***

Epinephrine administration, n (%)

244 (3.7%)

51 (18.1%)

193 (3.1%)***

67 (12.6%)

177 (2.9%)***

99 (13.8%)

145 (2.5%)***

17 (1.9%)

0 (0%)

17 (1.9%)

4 (6.9%)

12 (1.4%)**

4 (6.1%)

10 (1.1%)*

  1. GA gestational age, BBW birth body weight, PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension, BT body temperature, RDS respiratory distress syndrome, DRCPAP delivery room continuous positive airway pressure.
  2. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001.
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