Figure 3

Military topographic map data of the city in the late Qing Dynasty (A) Shangqiu; (B) Fangcheng; (C) Yanling; (D) Huixian; (E) Shangcheng; (F) Shangcai (The yellow line indicates the city wall).
Military topographic map data of the city in the late Qing Dynasty (A) Shangqiu; (B) Fangcheng; (C) Yanling; (D) Huixian; (E) Shangcheng; (F) Shangcai (The yellow line indicates the city wall).