Table 1 Integrated light, laser, electron and x-ray analyses used to identify and spatially map the distribution of calcification within human aortic valve leaflets.
System components | Analyses (resolution) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Histology cryosection | Petrographic section | CT (600 μm) micro-CT (3 μm) | ESEM (5nm) | EDAX (1 μm) ca/p atomic % + / − SD n = 9 | Raman (1 μm) spectra cm−1 | BF (240 nm) TPMT (240 nm) | BF (240 nm) ORO & ALZ | CPOL (240 nm) | CPOL (240 nm) ALZ | SRAF (140 nm) DAPI | SRAF (140 nm) OPN | |
Aortic value leaflet tissuse | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Lipids | ✓ | na | na | na | Na | na | na | na | na | na | Red | na |
Nuclei | ✓ | na | na | na | Na | na | na | na | na | na | Blue | na |
Osteopontin OPN | ✓ | na | na | na | Na | na | na | na | na | na | na | Green |
Cholesterol crystals | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | na | ✓ | Red | 1st–2nd order* | 1st–2nd order* | Black | ✓ |
Original collagen | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Bd | na | ✓ | na | 2nd order* | 2nd order* | Blue–green | ✓ |
ACP replaced collagen | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 1.17–2.49 + / − 0.38 | 943–958 | ✓ | Red | 2nd order* | 2nd order* | Red–yellow | ✓ |
ACP nodule | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 1.47–1.91 + / − 0.15 | 943–958 | ✓ | Red | 2nd order* | 2nd order* | Gray–green | ✓ |