Table 5 Comparisons in all responses of varying head angles for each gender.

From: Gender differences in neck muscle activity during near-maximum forward head flexion while using smartphones with varied postures

 

Head angle

(°)

Cervical erector spinae

(%MVC)

Upper trapezius

(%MVC)

Neck flexion

(°)

Men

20

8.49 (5.06–11.92)a

8.93 (3.64–14.22)a

61.6 (51.2–72.0)a

30

10.05 (4.05–16.05)b

10.81 (5.36–16.26)b

68.7 (57.5–79.9)b

40

11.89 (3.09–20.69)c

12.18 (5.22–19.14)c

78.4 (64.3–92.5)c

Maximum

8.63 (5.09–12.17)a

9.78 (3.86–15.70)ab

92.4 (79.5–105.3)d

Women

20

9.27 (5.12–13.42)a

9.61 (4.61–14.61)a

57.4 (41.7–73.1)a

30

11.16 (6.28–16.04)b

11.30 (6.03–16.57)b

65.0 (49.3–80.7)b

40

12.96 (6.96–18.96)c

13.50 (4.60–22.40)c

74.2 (60.5–87.9)c

Maximum

10.84 (7.84–13.86)b

11.66 (7.90–15.42)b

83.9 (73.1–94.7)d

  1. Data (mean, with 95% confidence interval in parentheses) with the same letter do not differ in the Duncan test.