Table 1 Descriptive information and clinical characteristics for proband groups by study.

From: Evidence from comprehensive independent validation studies for smooth pursuit dysfunction as a sensorimotor biomarker for psychosis

Study

N

Age

Sex

Cognitionc

Illness duration

Psychosisd

Depressione

Maniaf

Medicationg

% Male

Total score

(Years)

Positive

Negative

Total score

Total score

CPZ

B-SNIP1 (machine training and internal validation)h

 Controls

305

36.5 (12.4)

45

103.80 (14.00)

      

 Psychosis probandsa

674

35.5 (12.5)

49

97.66 (15.19)

15.41 (11.91)

15.89 (5.64)

14.81 (5.43)

10.74 (9.32)

5.91 (6.29)

467.11 (438.99)

  SZ

265

34.5 (12.5)

67

94.88 (16.02)

13.58 (11.77)

17.07 (5.68)

16.56 (5.64)

8.72 (8.30)

5.63 (5.83)

522.83 (435.50)

  SAD

178

36.3 (11.6)

40

96.68 (14.90)

16.64 (11.24)

18.04 (5.36)

16.03 (5.21)

14.29 (9.68)

7.28 (6.62)

531.03 (526.92)

  BP

231

36.0 (13.00)

35

101.59 (13.59)

16.55 (12.34)

12.92 (4.47)

11.90 (3.96)

10.25 (9.38)

5.20 (6.42)

340.09 (317.84)

B-SNIP2 (external validation-1)i

 Controls

292

33.4 (11.2)

40

101.13 (11.17)

      

 Psychosis probandsa

727

38.6 (12.2)

50

93.53 (14.30)

17.92 (12.89)

16.16 (6.78)

14.90 (7.00)

11.41 (10.24)

8.11 (7.78)

538.87 (1001.07)

  SZ

288

39.8 (12.5)

60

90.67 (13.76)

18.94 (12.73)

17.18 (6.75)

17.04 (7.10)

9.15 (9.10)

7.63 (6.65)

653.12 (1137.71)

  SAD

264

40.1 (11.8)

45

91.78 (13.69)

21.05 (13.21)

17.51 (6.92)

14.84 (6.85)

13.27 (10.48)

9.64 (8.24)

539.97 (1064.84)

  BP

175

34.1 (11.0)

41

101.90 (13.24)

11.32 (10.01)

12.48 (5.15)

11.56 (5.64)

12.15 (10.94)

6.47 (8.28)

297.47 (278.29)

PARDIP (external validation-2)j

 Controls

71

37.7 (13.4)

55

103.65 (15.16)

      

 BPwP

49

41.1 (11.2)

43

92.46 (15.46)

11.9 (8.7)

16.22 (6.60)

16.84 (6.84)

17.86 (12.46)

12.14 (9.20)

339.61 (328.08)

 BPwoP

36

39.4 (13.1)

25

93.49 (13.81)

9.4 (9.6)

13.76 (3.74)

17.41 (6.98)

17.15 (11.05)

10.15 (7.86)

164.43 (122.31)

FOR2107 (external validation-3)k

 Controls

72

34.2 (13.2)

39

112.42 (14.92)

 

11.22 (0.14)

7.34 (0.56)

2.71 (3.51)

0.53 (1.17)

 

 Psychosis probandsb

51

35.0 (10.2)

69

109.67 (11.19)

9.6 (9.6)

13.43 (3.33)

13.21 (5.99)

13.89 (11.19)

1.67 (1.41)

675.75 (370.33)

 MDwoP

94

35.0 (11.7)

40

112.78 (13.41)

6.4 (7.3)

11.34 (0.36)

10.89 (4.32)

12.16 (9.60)

1.09 (1.95)

98.52 (139.15)

 BPwoP

25

38.4 (11.6)

48

113.69 (19.32)

8.5 (8.9)

11.47 (0.75)

10.91 (4.18)

11.88 (13.45)

1.69 (1.97)

244.34 (151.94)

PRONIA (external validation-4)l

 Controls

16

24.3 (3.6)

31

11.85 (2.15)

 

7.06 (0.25)

7.00 (0.00)

3.07 (2.56)

  

 ROD

17

20.7 (5.5)

59

9.43 (1.81)

0.7 (0.5)

7.00 (0.00)

14.88 (6.23)

22.71 (11.36)

 

31.67 (17.62)

 CHR

19

21.0 (3.6)

37

11.57 (1.70)

 

9.44 (2.13)

14.13 (4.92)

31.06 (8.98)

 

80.95 (67.60)

 ROP

11

24.1 (6.5)

36

11.63 (1.77)

0.6 (0.6)

19.91 (8.11)

19.27 (9.80)

28.10 (16.39)

 

152.15 (101.87)

  1. CPZ equivalents Chlorpromazine equivalents, B-SNIP Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes, SZ probands with schizophrenia, SAD probands with schizoaffective disorder, BP probands with bipolar disorder, PARDIP Psychosis and Affective Research Domains and Intermediate Phenotypes, BPwP bipolar probands with psychosis, BPwoP bipolar probands without psychosis, FOR2107 DFG Forschergruppe 2107, MDwoP probands with major depression without psychosis, PRONIA Personalised Prognostic Tools for Early Psychosis Management, ROD recent-onset depression probands, CHR clinical-high-risk- for psychosis probands, ROP recent-onset-psychosis probands.
  2. Table represents means and standard deviations given in parentheses. aGroup of psychosis probands include SZ, SAD, and BP probands, bGroup of psychosis probands include n = 27 SZ, n = 18 SAD, n = 2 Brief psychotic disorder, n = 1 Delusional disorder, n = 2 BPwP, n = 1 MDwP; due to small samples, no specific results for psychosis subgroups are given, cTotal score indicating cognition abilities were estimated using the following measures: B-SNIP1, B-SNIP2, PARDIP = Wide Range Achievement Test 4 (WRAT4 55; FOR2107 = Multiple Choice Vocabulary Test, version B (MWT-B 74, original MWT-B scores were transformed to the IQ scale 74; PRONIA = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Matrix Reasoning 75. dPsychosis features were estimated using the following measures the following measures: B-SNIP1, B-SNIP2, PARDIP, and PRONIA = Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS 66 ); FOR2107 = Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Scale for Assessment of Negative symptoms (SANS) 67, SAPS and SANS global/summary scores were converted to PANSS scores 68; eDepressive symptoms were estimated using the following measures: B-SNIP1, B-SNIP2, PARDIP = Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS 69); FOR2107 = Original Beck Depression Inventory, 1978 version 70; PRONIA = Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II 71); fFor B-SNIP1, B-SNIP2, PARDIP and FOR2107 sample, mania was estimated using the Young Mania Rating scale 73. Mania was not assessed in the PRONIA sample. gChlorpromazine equivalents were assessed based on the computations by Andreasen and colleagues 80. hSignificant differences between controls and psychosis probands were found for cognition total score (p < .001). iSignificant differences between controls and psychosis probands were found for age (p < .001), sex distribution (p = .003) and cognition total score (p < .001). jSignificant differences were found for sex distribution (p = 0.01), cognition total score (p < 0.001; controls > BPwP, controls > BPwoP), and psychosis positive (p = 0.03). kSignificant differences were found for sex distribution (p = .004), psychosis positive (p < .001; psychosis probands > controls and MDwoP and BPwoP), psychosis negative (p < 0.001; psychosis probands > controls and MDwoP, controls < psychosis probands and MDwoP and BPwoP), depression (p < .001; psychosis probands and MDwoP and BPwoP > controls), mania (p = .04; post-hoc tests Bonferroni-corrected were all non-significant), and medication (p > 0.001; psychosis probands > BPwoP and MDwoP). lSignificant differences were found for psychosis positive (p < 0.001; ROP > ROD and CHR and controls), psychosis negative (p < 0.001; ROP and ROD and CHR > controls), and depression (p < 0.001; ROP and ROD and CHR > controls).
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