Figure 1

Location map of the study site in the Songnen Plain, China (e). The landscapes with typical aeolian deposition of the shallow-sand deposit (SSD)(b), the moderate-sand deposit (MSD)(c), and the deep-sand deposit (DSD)(d), and the landscape of the control farmland with non-sand deposit (CNSD)(a). Sa, sb, sc and sd were soil samples collected from four farmlands, respectively.