Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: Bitter tastants relax the mouse gallbladder smooth muscle independent of signaling through tuft cells and bitter taste receptors

Figure 1

Relaxing effects of bitter taste receptor agonists on gallbladder smooth muscle tone. Organ bath force recordings traced the effects of increasing concentrations (1–1000 µM) of (A) denatonium, (B) quinine, (C) noscapine, and (D) dextromethorphan on gallbladder smooth muscle tone in Trpm5+/+ and Trpm5–/– mice. Each data point represents the mean (n) ± SEM. Gallbladders were pre-contracted with muscarine (10 µM, A + B), or cholecystokinin (CCK) (0.1 µM, C + D), respectively. Note that EC50 were similar in both genotypes (p = 0.1544 for denatonium, p = 0.262 for quinine, p = 0.7656 for noscapine, p = 0.3554 for dextromethorphan). Scatter plots in (A–D) illustrate the maximum relaxation responses (%) induced by distinct bitter taste receptor agonists following the maximal contraction induced by muscarine or CCK. Whiskers represent means ± SEM across the dataset. Statistical analysis conducted via the Mann–Whitney-U-test and the exact p-values are reported.

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