Fig. 3

OceanNet performance metrics in the GoM: RMSE (a–c), CC (d–f), and MHD (g–i). In the left column, probability density functions (PDFs) are presented for 1000 random pairs sourced from the training data spanning 1993–2018 (means shown by black horizontal lines). The performance statistics, calculated based on forecasts of 0–120 days for eddies Sverdrup (middle column) and Thor (right column), are displayed as mean values (lines) with standard deviations (shading). The black horizontal dashed lines in these columns denote saturation values determined as 95% of the means derived from the random pairs. In the middle and right columns, solid blue lines are OceanNet, dashed red lines are the regional ocean dynamical forecast model, and gray dots are persistence. These representations illustrate how each method’s statistics compare with the target SSH from the reanalysis dataset. The shading is obtained from the standard deviation due to the choice of different initial conditions to evluate the forecast skill.