Fig. 9

(A) Observed and forecasted urban water time series comparison and (B) Residual scatterplots for the PSOGA-ANN, PSOGWO-ANN, CPSOCGSA-ANN, MPSO-ANN, and PSO-ANN approaches in the testing phase.
(A) Observed and forecasted urban water time series comparison and (B) Residual scatterplots for the PSOGA-ANN, PSOGWO-ANN, CPSOCGSA-ANN, MPSO-ANN, and PSO-ANN approaches in the testing phase.