Table 9 Cross-Dataset evaluation.

From: Detecting command injection attacks in web applications based on novel deep learning methods

Year and author

Acc (%)

Pre (%)

Rec (%)

F1 (%)

2020 and Odumuyiwa14

97.36

99.01

97.02

98.04

2022 and Seyyar15

99.21

99.01

98.52

98.69

2022 and Zhang16

95.24

96.21

93.42

94.23

2023 and Zhao17

97.02

95.31

94.28

95.45

2023 and Stiawan18

96.05

94.96

95.12

94.46

2024 and Liu19

97.89

97.73

97.01

96.35

2024 and Jimoh20

97.32

97.73

96.95

96.82

Our model

99.51

99.23

99.45

99.02