Table 5 Random effects meta-analysis of average daily cigarette consumption per individual who smoked daily (intensity) by demographic category: At-risk subsample (N = 38,290).

From: A cross-national analysis of demographic variation in daily smoking across 22 countries

 

Prediction Interval

 

Variable

Category

Est

95% CI

SE

LL

UL

Heterogeneity (τ)

I2

Global p-value

Age group

        

< 0.001**

 

18–24

7.60

(6.22,8.97)

0.70

3.66

16.29

3.15

95.1

 
 

25–34

9.22

(7.72,10.73)

0.77

4.49

18.28

3.52

97.8

 
 

35–44

10.48

(9.04,11.91)

0.73

5.27

18.38

3.34

97.4

 
 

45–54

10.96

(9.50,12.42)

0.75

5.21

18.84

3.40

97.3

 
 

55–64

11.30

(9.60,13.00)

0.87

2.82

17.42

3.96

97.8

 
 

65–74

10.87

(9.28,12.47)

0.81

4.68

16.34

3.51

94.4

 
 

75–84

9.21

(7.43,10.99)

0.91

2.38

12.42

3.08

92.7

 
 

85 or older

8.31

(4.70,11.92)

1.84

3.64

11.63

3.39

88.3

 

Gender

        

< 0.001**

 

Male

10.66

(8.93,12.39)

0.88

5.16

21.42

4.11

99.3

 
 

Female

9.64

(8.52,10.75)

0.57

4.09

13.33

2.42

96.9

 
 

Other

7.89

(3.72,12.06)

2.13

4.28

17.26

4.78

87.8

 

Marital status

        

< 0.001**

 

Married

10.17

(8.71,11.63)

0.74

5.13

17.21

3.45

98.8

 
 

Separated

9.99

(8.67,11.30)

0.67

5.16

13.92

2.48

80.2

 
 

Divorced

12.33

(10.23,14.43)

1.07

5.80

23.03

4.38

95.9

 
 

Widowed

11.57

(9.80,13.34)

0.90

5.63

16.42

3.45

89.6

 
 

Domestic partner

9.57

(8.10,11.03)

0.75

3.72

12.88

2.86

95.4

 
 

Single, never married

9.90

(8.37,11.42)

0.78

4.15

18.96

3.56

97.8

 

Employment status

        

< 0.001**

 

Employed for an employer

9.91

(8.40,11.42)

0.77

4.86

17.64

3.56

98.9

 
 

Self-employed

10.57

(8.90,12.23)

0.85

5.24

21.42

3.90

97.4

 
 

Retired

10.69

(9.03,12.34)

0.84

2.70

17.88

3.80

96.1

 
 

Student

7.14

(5.75,8.53)

0.71

2.88

13.02

2.86

93.1

 
 

Homemaker

10.28

(8.75,11.80)

0.78

4.50

14.67

3.16

89.3

 
 

Unemployed and looking for a job

10.80

(9.12,12.47)

0.85

3.99

18.40

3.79

95.9

 
 

None of these/other

11.37

(9.23,13.50)

1.09

3.68

22.88

4.59

95.7

 

Education

        

< 0.001**

 

Up to 8 years

11.22

(9.41,13.03)

0.92

4.60

18.93

4.08

97.2

 
 

9–15 years

10.39

(8.87,11.91)

0.78

5.13

17.84

3.60

99.2

 
 

16 + years

9.65

(8.22,11.09)

0.73

4.69

17.87

3.11

97.3

 

Religious service attendance

        

< 0.001**

 

> 1/week

9.29

(7.64,10.95)

0.85

4.19

18.11

3.74

96.5

 
 

1/week

9.14

(7.80,10.48)

0.68

4.81

16.77

3.06

95.7

 
 

1–3/month

9.16

(7.78,10.53)

0.70

4.36

15.62

3.11

95.4

 
 

A few times a year

10.65

(9.10,12.21)

0.79

5.26

19.12

3.59

97.7

 
 

Never

11.11

(9.67,12.55)

0.74

6.36

18.96

3.33

98.1

 

Immigration status

        

< 0.001**

 

Born in this country

10.31

(8.82,11.79)

0.76

5.21

18.15

3.53

99.3

 
 

Born in another country

9.18

(7.71,10.65)

0.75

2.90

17.03

2.88

93.7

 
  1. τ = the standard deviation of the distribution of means across those countries; I2 = an estimate of how much of the variability in means is due to heterogeneity across countries vs. sampling variability.
  2. * p < .05; ** p < .007 (Bonferroni corrected threshold).