Fig. 1

Path analysis. In this figure, K represents Knowledge, A represents Attitude, and P represents Practice. Each latent variable is measured by several observed variables (K1–K15, A1–A7, P1–P11). The arrows indicate direct and indirect paths relations between the latent variables, with corresponding path coefficients shown. e1–e35 represent the error terms for each observed variable, while the numbers reflect the strength of the relationships between the latent variables and their observed indicators.