Fig. 6

Environmental impacts (global warming potential, a–c; acidification potential, d–f; eutrophication potential, g–i) of crops (rice, wheat, and maize) production systems in Yunnan Province from 2002 to 2021 (20 samples) were compared across five-year intervals. Different lowercase letters represent statistically significant differences (LSD test, P < 0.05). Vertical bars represent ± S.E. of the mean.