Fig. 3

DQ enhances osteoblastic activity impaired by CHH. Detailed imaging and quantitative analyses illustrate the effects of DQ on osteogenic differentiation and bone matrix production: (A) Toluidine blue staining, (B) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, (C) Von Kossa staining, (D) Osterix (OSX) expression, (E) osteocalcin (OCN) levels, (F) collagen type 1 (Col-1) expression, and (G) dynamic bone labeling with calcein and alizarin on the trabecular bone surface of mouse tibiae. (H) Serum concentrations of ALP and P1NP measured by ELISA. (I) Relative mRNA levels of osteogenic markers (ALP, Col1a1, Osterix, OCN, and Runx2) in mid-diaphyseal cortical bone of the tibia, evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. (J) Western blot analysis of sclerostin (SOST), ALP, Col-1, OCN, OSX, and RUNX2 protein expression in the tibia. Data are presented as mean ± SD, with n = 10 per group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance relative to the reference groups, with p-values denoted as *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.