Fig. 3

Differences in the Omicron BA.1 protein-specific antibody levels and gut microbiome between the HC_LR and HC_HRgroups used for metagenomic sequencing. (A) Omicron BA.1 protein-specific antibody levels, as indicated by OD₄₅₀values. Comparisons between the PLWH_HR and PLWH_LR groups were made using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. (B) Betadiversity differences (illustrated by PCoA plots based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) between the HC_LR and HC_HR groups. Pvalues were determined using PERMANOVA. (C, D) Relative abundance of bacterial phyla (C) and species ( D) based onmedian values. (E) LEfSe analysis for key discriminative species, with LDA scores on the log₁₀ scale > 2, between the twogroups. HC_LR, n = 31; HC_HR, n = 21; ns, P > 0.05; ****P < 0.0001; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05.