Table 2 Non-carcinogenic health risks of fluoride in drinking water by different exposure pathways, 2014 and 2018 (median (min, max)).
Group | 2014 | 2018 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
HQoral | HQderm | HQoral | HQderm | |
Infants | ||||
 North China | 1.11 (0.11, 6.10) | 0.80 × 10–3 (0.82 × 10–4, 0.44 × 10–2) | 0.89 (0.15, 5.65) | 0.64 × 10–3 (0.11 × 10–3, 0.41 × 10–2) |
 East China | 1.33 (0.10, 6.54) | 0.11 × 10–2 (0.81 × 10–4, 0.55 × 10–2) | 0.92 (0.06, 4.87) | 0.78 × 10–3 (0.51 × 10–4, 0.41 × 10–2) |
 South China | 0.27 (0.14, 3.97) | 0.34 × 10–3 (0.17 × 10–3, 0.49 × 10–2) | 0.25 (0.17, 0.49) | 0.31 × 10–3 (0.21 × 10–3, 0.61 × 10–3) |
 Northwest China | 0.53 (0.02, 9.11) | 0.27 × 10–3 (0.12 × 10–4, 0.46 × 10–2) | 0.37 (0.08, 4.59) | 0.19 × 10–3 (0.39 × 10–4, 0.23 × 10–2) |
 Northeast China | 0.71 (0.10, 3.59) | 0.11 × 10–2 (0.15 × 10–3, 0.53 × 10–2) | 0.46 (0.14, 1.44) | 0.68 × 10–3 (0.21 × 10–3, 0.21 × 10–2) |
 Southwest China | 0.64 (0.21, 1.37) | 0.60 × 10–3 (0.20 × 10–3, 0.13 × 10–2) | 1.07 (0.15, 2.44) | 0.10 × 10–2 (0.14 × 10–3, 0.23 × 10–2) |
 Total | 0.74 (0.02, 9.12) | 0.57 × 10–3 (0.12 × 10–4, 0.55 × 10–2) | 0.52 (0.06, 5.65) | 0.43 × 10–3 (0.39 × 10–4, 0.41 × 10–2) |
Children | ||||
 North China | 0.77 (0.08, 4.26) | 0.93 × 10–3 (0.95 × 10–4, 0.51 × 10–2) | 0.62 (0.11, 3.94) | 0.74 × 10–3 (0.13 × 10–3, 0.47 × 10–2) |
 East China | 0.75 (0.05, 3.71) | 0.98 × 10–3 (0.71 × 10–4, 0.48 × 10–2) | 0.52 (0.03, 2.76) | 0.68 × 10–3 (0.44 × 10–4, 0.36 × 10–2) |
 South China | 0.16 (0.08, 2.34) | 0.28 × 10–3 (0.14 × 10–3, 0.41 × 10–2) | 0.15 (0.10, 0.29) | 0.26 × 10–3 (0.18 × 10–3, 0.51 × 10–3) |
 Northwest China | 0.45 (0.02, 7.73) | 0.49 × 10–3 (0.21 × 10–4, 0.84 × 10–2) | 0.31 (0.07, 3.89) | 0.34 × 10–3 (0.71 × 10–4, 0.42 × 10–2) |
 Northeast China | 0.48 (0.07, 2.43) | 0.99 × 10–3 (0.14 × 10–3, 0.50 × 10–2) | 0.31 (0.10, 0.98) | 0.64 × 10–3 (0.20 × 10–3, 0.20 × 10–2) |
 Southwest China | 0.44 (0.15, 0.93) | 0.59 × 10–3 (0.20 × 10–3, 0.12 × 10–2) | 0.73 (0.10, 1.65) | 0.98 × 10–3 (0.14 × 10–3, 0.22 × 10–2) |
 Total | 0.54 (0.02, 7.73) | 0.68 × 10–3 (0.21 × 10–4, 0.84 × 10–2) | 0.38 (0.03, 3.94) | 0.49 × 10–3 (0.44 × 10–4, 0.47 × 10–2) |
Teens | ||||
 North China | 0.52 (0.05, 2.88) | 0.10 × 10–2 (0.10 × 10–3, 0.56 × 10–2) | 0.42 (0.07, 2.66) | 0.81 × 10–3 (0.14 × 10–3, 0.51 × 10–2) |
 East China | 0.48 (0.03, 2.34) | 0.11 × 10–2 (0.83 × 10–4, 0.56 × 10–2) | 0.33 (0.02, 1.75) | 0.79 × 10–3 (0.52 × 10–4, 0.42 × 10–2) |
 South China | 0.09 (0.05, 1.38) | 0.27 × 10–3 (0.13 × 10–3, 0.39 × 10–2) | 0.09 (0.06, 0.17) | 0.24 × 10–3 (0.17 × 10–3, 0.48 × 10–3) |
 Northwest China | 0.25 (0.01, 4.22) | 0.32 × 10–3 (0.14 × 10–4, 0.55 × 10–2) | 0.17 (0.04, 2.12) | 0.22 × 10–3 (0.47 × 10–4, 0.28 × 10–2) |
 Northeast China | 0.34 (0.05, 1.73) | 0.97 × 10–3 (0.14 × 10–3, 0.49 × 10–2) | 0.22 (0.07, 0.69) | 0.63 × 10–3 (0.20 × 10–3, 0.20 × 10–2) |
 Southwest China | 0.34 (0.11, 0.73) | 0.53 × 10–3 (0.18 × 10–3, 0.11 × 10–2) | 0.57 (0.08, 1.29) | 0.89 × 10–3 (0.12 × 10–3, 0.20 × 10–2) |
 Total | 0.35 (0.01, 4.22) | 0.60 × 10–3 (0.14 × 10–4, 0.56 × 10–2) | 0.23 (0.02, 2.66) | 0.44 × 10–3 (0.47 × 10–4, 0.51 × 10–2) |
