Fig. 14 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 14

From: Chaos-enhanced manganese electrolysis: nodule suppression and improved efficiency using controllable chaotic electrical signals

Fig. 14

Energy consumption and the relationship with current efficiency, signal properties, nodule distributions, and thickness of Mn metal generated for larger current scale using the power amplifier (FPA 101). (a) Current fluctuation for the two forms of current. (b) Voltage fluctuation. (c) Comparison of the ratio of voltage to current. (d) Current efficiency. (e) Energy consumption. (f) Area ratio of nodules. (g) Nodules distribution with CC. (h) Nodules distribution with DC. (i) Morphology of manganese metal with CC using optical microscopy. (j) Morphology of manganese metal with DC. (k) Cross-section SEM images of manganese metal by CC. (l) Cross-section SEM images of manganese metal by DC.

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