Table 10 Average statistical indicators values for different standalone and hybrid ML models across studied stations during testing phase with various input combinations.

From: Comparative assessment of empirical and hybrid machine learning models for estimating daily reference evapotranspiration in sub-humid and semi-arid climates

Model	Inputs combination	Gharb					Loukkos
Model	Inputs combination	KGE	R²	RMSE	RRSE	Rank	KGE	R²	RMSE	RRSE	Rank
RF1	T_max, T_min, R_s	0.882	0.841	0.026	18.807	29	0.953	0.952	0.034	9.593	28
RF2	T_max, T_min, RH_mean	0.762	0.652	0.068	29.891	46	0.730	0.612	0.098	27.187	46
RF3	T_max, T_min, R_s, U₂	0.913	0.945	0.021	12.211	15	0.942	0.961	0.031	8.682	17
RF4	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, U₂	0.832	0.801	0.054	20.591	38	0.786	0.723	0.082	22.947	36
RF5	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s	0.912	0.913	0.025	14.936	22	0.938	0.958	0.033	9.093	22
RF6	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s, U₂	0.919	0.966	0.020	10.066	7	0.933	0.966	0.030	8.296	13
M5P1	T_max, T_min, R_s	0.731	0.797	0.041	24.662	40	0.920	0.941	0.042	11.536	32
M5P2	T_max, T_min, RH_mean	0.629	0.635	0.074	35.360	48	0.557	0.610	0.108	30.175	48
M5P3	T_max, T_min, R_s, U₂	0.927	0.911	0.024	14.801	21	0.951	0.952	0.035	9.650	29
M5P4	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, U₂	0.808	0.779	0.058	22.586	39	0.721	0.697	0.086	24.067	39
M5P5	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s	0.889	0.916	0.024	15.739	24	0.931	0.952	0.036	9.999	31
M5P6	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s, U₂	0.933	0.955	0.022	11.272	12	0.960	0.958	0.032	8.939	20
XGBoost1	T_max, T_min, R_s	0.900	0.833	0.027	19.749	34	0.966	0.948	0.036	9.978	30
XGBoost2	T_max, T_min, RH_mean	0.769	0.632	0.070	31.163	47	0.732	0.585	0.102	28.406	47
XGBoost3	T_max, T_min, R_s, U₂	0.969	0.950	0.019	11.361	13	0.978	0.964	0.029	8.204	12
XGBoost4	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, U₂	0.873	0.801	0.054	19.976	36	0.807	0.691	0.088	24.405	40
XGBoost5	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s	0.945	0.907	0.024	15.214	23	0.966	0.957	0.033	9.047	21
XGBoost6	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s, U₂	0.982	0.975	0.017	8.253	4	0.977	0.969	0.027	7.630	5
LightGBM1	T_max, T_min, R_s	0.892	0.842	0.026	18.668	28	0.969	0.954	0.034	9.418	25
LightGBM2	T_max, T_min, RH_mean	0.772	0.661	0.067	29.437	43	0.739	0.616	0.097	27.097	45
LightGBM3	T_max, T_min, R_s, U₂	0.967	0.950	0.019	11.248	11	0.980	0.968	0.028	7.774	9
LightGBM4	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, U₂	0.864	0.812	0.053	19.561	33	0.806	0.718	0.083	23.171	38
LightGBM5	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s	0.944	0.918	0.023	14.212	18	0.973	0.964	0.030	8.337	15
LightGBM6	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s, U₂	0.975	0.977	0.016	7.916	3	0.982	0.973	0.026	7.134	3
RF-M5P1	T_max, T_min, R_s	0.843	0.846	0.027	18.928	30	0.944	0.955	0.034	9.447	26
RF-M5P2	T_max, T_min, RH_mean	0.734	0.669	0.067	29.657	44	0.687	0.631	0.096	26.724	41
RF-M5P3	T_max, T_min, R_s, U₂	0.915	0.948	0.019	11.851	14	0.943	0.964	0.030	8.349	14
RF-M5P4	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, U₂	0.825	0.811	0.053	20.097	37	0.766	0.735	0.081	22.509	33
RF-M5P5	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s	0.907	0.922	0.023	14.258	19	0.936	0.962	0.031	8.759	19
RF-M5P6	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s, U₂	0.920	0.973	0.018	9.211	6	0.940	0.970	0.028	7.755	8
RF-LightGBM1	T_max, T_min, R_s	0.890	0.847	0.025	18.302	25	0.967	0.956	0.033	9.218	23
RF-LightGBM2	T_max, T_min, RH_mean	0.770	0.666	0.067	29.207	41	0.738	0.625	0.096	26.747	42
RF-LightGBM3	T_max, T_min, R_s, U₂	0.956	0.954	0.018	10.830	8	0.971	0.969	0.027	7.635	6
RF-LightGBM4	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, U₂	0.855	0.815	0.052	19.425	32	0.801	0.727	0.082	22.766	34
RF-LightGBM5	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s	0.936	0.921	0.022	13.939	16	0.964	0.965	0.029	8.179	11
RF-LightGBM6	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s, U₂	0.960	0.978	0.015	7.813	2	0.968	0.975	0.025	6.925	1
RF-XGBoost1	T_max, T_min, R_s	0.890	0.844	0.025	18.570	27	0.958	0.953	0.034	9.459	27
RF-XGBoost2	T_max, T_min, RH_mean	0.767	0.656	0.067	29.759	45	0.733	0.615	0.097	27.089	44
RF-XGBoost3	T_max, T_min, R_s, U₂	0.931	0.953	0.019	11.216	10	0.954	0.965	0.029	8.157	10
RF-XGBoost4	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, U₂	0.845	0.809	0.053	19.832	35	0.794	0.725	0.082	22.855	35
RF-XGBoost5	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s	0.924	0.917	0.023	14.461	20	0.946	0.961	0.031	8.746	18
RF-XGBoost6	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s, U₂	0.938	0.974	0.017	8.685	5	0.946	0.971	0.027	7.619	4
XGBoost-LightGBM1	T_max, T_min, R_s	0.898	0.847	0.025	18.418	26	0.970	0.955	0.034	9.342	24
XGBoost-LightGBM2	T_max, T_min, RH_mean	0.774	0.663	0.067	29.418	42	0.739	0.618	0.097	27.020	43
XGBoost-LightGBM3	T_max, T_min, R_s, U₂	0.968	0.954	0.018	10.831	9	0.980	0.969	0.028	7.686	7
XGBoost-LightGBM4	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, U₂	0.867	0.816	0.052	19.188	31	0.808	0.720	0.083	23.083	37
XGBoost-LightGBM5	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s	0.946	0.918	0.022	14.131	17	0.971	0.963	0.030	8.351	16
XGBoost-LightGBM6	T_max, T_min, RH_mean, R_s, U₂	0.977	0.979	0.015	7.598	1	0.981	0.974	0.025	7.038	2

Significant values are in bold.
Significant values are in bold underline.

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Table 10 Average statistical indicators values for different standalone and hybrid ML models across studied stations during testing phase with various input combinations.

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