Fig. 2

Plasma metabolome signatures of Omicron infections. For all pairwise comparisons, P values from two-sided Student’s t-test were presented, where n = 20 for healthy controls, n = 28 for first infection and n = 38 for reinfection Omicron patients. (A) Volcano plots illustrate differential plasma metabolites in first infection (left panel) and reinfection (right panel) patients compared to healthy controls. (B) Venn diagram displays the number of significant (P < 0.05) differential metabolites that overlapped between first infection compared to healthy controls and reinfection compared to healthy controls. (C) Circos plot illustrates top 30 differential metabolites ranked by ascending P values in first infection patients (inner rim) and reinfection patients (outer rim) relative to healthy controls. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. Color bar indicates log₂(fold-change), where red indicates increase and blue indicates decrease in moderate/severe infection relative to mild infection, respectively. (D) Over-representation analysis of dysregulated pathways from the small molecule pathway database (SMPD) based on differential metabolites that were conserved between first infection and reinfection patients compared to healthy controls. (E) Venn diagram displays the number of significant (P < 0.05) metabolites in moderate/severe infections compared to mild infections that were conserved between first infection and reinfection Omicron patients. (F) Barplot on the percentages of differential metabolites (P < 0.05) in moderate/severe infections relative to mild infections that were conserved between first infection and reinfection patients. (G) Circos plot illustrates top 30 differential metabolites ranked by ascending P values in moderate/severe infections relative to mild infections amongst first infection patients (inner rim) and reinfection patients (outer rim). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. Color bar indicates log₂(fold-change), where red indicates increase and blue indicates decrease in moderate/severe infection relative to mild infection, respectively. (H) Over-representation analysis of dysregulated pathways from the small molecule pathway database (SMPD) based on differential metabolites between moderate/severe infections compared to mild infections that were conserved in first infection and reinfection patients. FC, fold change; LysoPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine.