Table 1 Active anti-inflammatory ingredients of P. runcinata var. sinensis.

1

Catechin gallate

Substantially reduces inflammatory damage and downregulates inflammation-related proteins²⁴.

2

Ellagic acid

Exhibiting antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, it alleviates inflammation by reducing neutrophil recruitment and infiltration, and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression²⁵.

3

Phthalate

Delays onset and progression of osteoarthritis²⁶.

4

Indole alkaloids

Demonstrating analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects²⁷.

5

Proanthocyanidins

Reduces activity of pro-inflammatory mediators and inhibits production of pro-inflammatory factors, decreasing inflammation-induced damage²⁸.

6

Pyridoxol

Reduces vascular inflammatory reactions to some extent²⁹.

7

Gentiopicroside

Exhibits preventive and therapeutic effects on inflammation in rat ankle joint tissues³⁰.

8

Swertiamarin

Offers protective effects against adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats³¹.

Inhibits generation of inflammation-related factors, protects nerves, and alleviates neuropathic pain³².

Exhibits neuroprotective and analgesic properties³³, reducing neuropathic pain by restoring the balance of inflammatory factors in diabetic rats³⁴.