Fig. 1

Data Collection and Refined Hover-Net-Based Cell Segmentation Workflow. (a) Data collection details: We gathered patient data from both public databases and hospitals, comprising 232 cases from the former and 111 cases from the latter. (b) Schematic diagram for image preprocessing. (c) Extraction of cells from the tumor microenvironment: By employing the pre-trained Hover-net approach, we achieved concurrent segmentation and classification of cell nuclei within the images, successfully distinguishing between four distinct cell types: epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.