Fig. 5

Anti-freezing effect as well as tensile demonstration of organogels after saturated with water absorption and frozen at -20 °C freezing layer for 24 h. (a) PVA, (b) PVAC. (c) Crystallisation temperature detection of different gels. (d) Anti-freezing mechanism of organohydrogels. (e) Impedance and (f) ionic conductivity detection of gels under freezing conditions. (g) Relative resistance change and (h) tensile strength detection of different gels under freezing conditions.