Fig. 1

(a) Scatterplot of EEF values predicted by the final EEF prediction model and actual EEF values (our institution). (b) Scatterplot of EEF values predicted by the final EEF prediction model and actual EEF values (Outer Hospital). Note Some predicted EEF values are negative, reflecting the model’s extrapolation effect on boundary or extreme data. Negative EEF values hold no actual physical significance and are presented only as reference for the model’s prediction characteristics.