Table 1 Overview of development modes for marine challenging hydrates.

From: Numerical investigation of production performance of challenging gas hydrates from deposits with artificial fractures and impermeable barriers

Production method

Reservoir stimulation method

Potential evaluation

Depressurization

Vertical well and hydraulic fracturing27,28; Horizontal well and hydraulic fracturing29,30,31; Horizontal well32,33; Radially branched horizontal well34; multi-well system35

Increased gas production

Depressurization combined with hot water injection

Three-spot horizontal well pattern and hydraulic fracturing36,37,38,39,40,41

Increased gas production

Five-spot horizontal well pattern and hydraulic fracturing42,43

Increased gas production and no gas leakage

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