Table 2 Confirmatory factor analysis: item statements and factor loadings (λs).
From: Internalized oppression and deaf people’s mental health
Item # | Statement (English translation from Polish) | Factor 1 Ableism | Factor 2 Audism | Factor 3 Linguicism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Deaf individuals should learn various foreign languages—both spoken and signed languages | 0.53 | ||
2. | The word “deaf” is neither positive nor negative; it is neutral | 0.40 | ||
3. | A world without sound is valuable | 0.27 | ||
4. | Sign languages and spoken languages have equal value | 0.62 | ||
5. | In the education of deaf children, the greatest emphasis should be placed on bilingualism (spoken language and sign language) | 0.42 | ||
6. | Disability makes disabled individuals less adaptable to life than able-bodied individuals | 0.18 | ||
7. | Being deaf is neither negative nor positive | 0.27 | ||
8. | In the education of deaf individuals, the greatest emphasis should be placed on learning to speak and lipread | 0.60 | ||
9. | Deaf individuals should primarily use the Polish language | 0.51 | ||
10. | Deaf individuals are disadvantaged by fate | 0.57 | ||
11. | Disabled individuals are less intelligent than able-bodied individuals | 0.76 | ||
12. | Everyone has the right to choose the language they want to use | 0.66 | ||
13. | Learning sign language hinders the development of spoken language in deaf children | 0.66 | ||
14. | Sign language is not a natural language like, for example, the Polish language | 0.79 | ||
15. | Deaf individuals feel ashamed of their hearing levels | 0.55 | ||
16. | People with disabilities can live a normal life in society despite their disability | 0.67 | ||
17. | Teaching deaf children sign language is something negative | 0.78 | ||
18. | Deaf individuals are equally capable as hearing individuals | 0.71 | ||
19. | The term “disabled” is negative | 0.22 | ||
20. | Every disabled person would want to regain their ability if they could | 0.63 | ||
21. | Disabled individuals can be happy | 0.51 | ||
22. | Deaf individuals have been excluded from the culture and language of the hearing society due to their lack of hearing–they need to be reintegrated into the hearing society | 0.41 | ||
23. | Not every disabled person would want to regain their ability if they had the opportunity | 0.44 | ||
24. | Deaf and hearing individuals use different languages and participate in different cultures | 0.55 | ||
25. | Deaf individuals should only learn the dominant language of their country (e.g., Polish in Poland) | 0.54 | ||
26. | Disabled individuals can live independently | 0.35 | ||
27. | Sign language is inferior to spoken language | 0.69 | ||
28. | Every deaf person would want to be able to hear if they had the opportunity | 0.68 | ||
29. | There are disabled individuals who take pride in being disabled | 0.59 | ||
30. | Being disabled is neither negative nor positive | 0.46 | ||
31. | The world perceived by deaf individuals is less rich than the world perceived by hearing individuals | 0.57 | ||
32. | Not every deaf person would want to be able to hear if they had the opportunity | 0.16 | ||
33. | The world perceived by deaf individuals is rich and interesting, just like the world perceived by hearing individuals | 0.37 | ||
34. | The term “disabled” is neither positive nor negative; it is neutral | 0.32 | ||
35. | Disabled individuals are equally intelligent as able-bodied individuals | 0.73 | ||
36. | The term “deaf” is negative | 0.68 | ||
37. | Disabled individuals are disadvantaged by fate | 0.44 | ||
38. | Sign language is a natural language, just like the Polish language | 0.72 | ||
39. | Disabled individuals have the right to have and raise children | 0.80 | ||
40. | Being disabled is something negative and unpleasant | 0.62 | ||
41. | Sign languages (e.g., Polish Sign Language) have their own grammar that differs from the grammar of spoken languages (e.g., Polish) | 0.70 | ||
42. | In schools for the deaf, lessons should be conducted in sign language | 0.57 | ||
43. | Disabled individuals should not have or raise children | 0.79 | ||
44. | Deaf individuals can be happy | 0.68 | ||
45. | Deaf individuals are less capable than hearing individuals | 0.68 | . | |
46. | Efforts should be made to maximize the similarity of sign language to spoken language because sign language is a gestural version of the Polish language | 0.62 | ||
47. | The teaching of language in schools for the deaf should be spoken language or speech supported by sign language | 0.55 | ||
48. | Teaching sign language does not hinder the development of spoken language in deaf children | 0.60 | ||
49. | Disabled individuals feel ashamed of their disability | 0.59 | ||
50. | Teaching deaf children sign language is essential | 0.51 | ||
51. | A world without sound is impoverished | 0.52 | ||
52. | Being deaf is something negative | 0.72 | ||
53. | There are deaf individuals who take pride in being deaf | 0.71 | ||
54. | Individuals with disabilities are dependent on able-bodied individuals | 0.15 |
