Fig. 23

Quantity-optimized equivalent force maps for each component. (a) Stress contour of the inner wall profile of an R3-250 steel pipe, (b) Stress contour of the inner wall profile of an R3-300 steel pipe, (c) Stress contour of the inner wall profile of an R3-350 steel pipe, (d) Stress contour of the inner wall profile of an R3-400 steel pipe, (e) Stress contour of the inner wall profile of an R3-450 steel pipe.