Fig. 1: Comparisons of near-surface PM2.5 concentrations between observations and simulations. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 1: Comparisons of near-surface PM2.5 concentrations between observations and simulations.

From: Climate responses in China to domestic and foreign aerosol changes due to clean air actions during 2013–2019

Fig. 1

Spatial distributions of observed (circles) and simulated (shades) annual mean near-surface PM2.5 concentrations (sum of sulfate, BC, POM, SOA, dust×0.1, and sea-salt×0.25) during 2013–2015 (a–c), 2017–2019 (d–f), and their differences (g–i, 2017–2019 minus 2013–2015) over China (a, d and g, CN), North America (b, e and h, NA), and Europe (c, f and i, EU). Normalized mean bias (NMB) and correlation coefficient (R) between observation and simulation are shown at the upper-left corner of each panel. NMB = 100% × ∑ (Modeli − Observationi)/ ∑ Observationi, where Modeli and Observationi are the modeled and observed values at site i, respectively.

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