Fig. 5: Spatial distribution of the changes in the 2-m temperature (T2) attributed to sea–air coupling.

The mean change in T2 during (a, c) June–July–August and (b, d) December–January–February under (a, b) present day and (c, d) future conditions. The dotted areas indicate regions where the changes are statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval determined using Student’s t-test.