Fig. 1: PAK extreme precipitation, YRV compound hot and drought event, and atmospheric circulation conditions in July–August 2022.

a CPC monthly precipitation anomalies (shading, mm) in June and July 2022 relative to the climatology for this time of the year and b probability density functions of standardized PAK ___domain-averaged R99pTOT (teal) based on CPC precipitation and standardized YRV ___domain-averaged precipitation (brown) based on station records during climatology, c Tmax anomalies (scatters, °C) averaged from July to August relative to the 1982–2022 climatology based on station records and d probability density function of stations averaged Tmax during climatology. The vertical line does clue the condition in 2022. e Meridional wind anomalies (shading, m s−1) at 200 hPa, geopotential anomalies (contour, m2 s−2) at 500 hPa, and vertical integral of water vapor flux (vector, kg m−1 s−1) in June and July 2022 relative to the climatology for this time of the year. Brown contours denote the 588 dgpm isoline. f Time series of the CPC ___domain-averaged daily precipitation over PAK (teal, mm), and the station-recorded ___domain-averaged daily Tmax (red, °C) over YRV.