Fig. 1: Multiple-peak precipitation observed in southwestern Taiwan.

a The observed composite diurnal rainfall evolution over Fenqihu station (the white arrow in Fig. 1b) over the southwestern mountain areas of Taiwan when multiple rainfall peaks (red line, 51 days) or single rainfall peak (black line, 313 days) are detected in the daily precipitation time series. b The probability of detecting multiple rainfall peaks in the daily precipitation time series over southwestern Taiwan. The color of each circle shows the probability for each rain gauge station, while the size of the circle signifies the total count of rainfall days. The grey shadings represent the 500-m and 2000-m elevation contours, respectively. The statistics are based on Central Weather Administration hourly rain gauge observations during May-Sep., 1996–2020 for days not affected by strong synoptic weather systems (typhoons, fronts, strong southwesterly monsoon flows, or northeasterly flows).