Fig. 2: Changes in precipitation frequency of occurrence associated with the EMF.

As in Fig. 1, but normalised daily precipitation frequencies in the boreal winter season are regressed against the EMFI. The slopes of each grid cell per unit standard deviation (STD) of the EMFI are shown for six categories of precipitation rate: a > 33 mm day-1, b 10–33 mm day-1, c 3.3–10 mm day-1, d 1–3.3 mm day-1, e 0–1 mm day-1, and (f) 0 mm day−1 (no precipitation). To enhance the legibility of the patterns, different colour scales are used in panels (a) and (f). Here the contours indicate anomaly patterns of reconstructed storm track activity, obtained from the RMS of band-pass filtered z500 anomalies regressed against EMFI.