Fig. 6: Tumor progression at spatial transcriptomics resolution.

a–f The spatial transcriptomics showcase the distribution of Epithelial01, 04, and 03 in OSCC samples. The top of each panel displays the expression intensity for each cell cluster, with darker colors indicating higher intensity. g The top UMAP plot shows the specific marker SPINK5 in Epithelial01. The bottom violin plot illustrates SPINK5 expression across different epithelial subtypes, with the Y-axis representing expression levels. h Survival analysis based on the TCGA–OSCC dataset is presented using a Kaplan–Meier curve, demonstrating that high SPINK5 expression is associated with better patient prognosis (P < 0.05). The Y-axis shows patient survival probability, and the X-axis shows patient survival time. i The violin plot depicts the expression of the transcription factor PITX1 across different epithelial subtypes, with the Y-axis indicating the expression levels. j–l Immunofluorescence staining validates the expression of AIM2 and CASP14 in tumor tissues. j The co-expression of AIM2 and CASP14 in tumor tissues, while (k) and (l) show the expression of these markers in tumor epithelial clusters.