Fig. 9: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was used to detect immune cells in the tumor.

Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of CD8, CD4, and FOXP3 expression in syngeneic mouse lung cancer tumor tissues following Ptges3 silencing and Ctsh overexpression accompanying PD-1 antibody treatment. a–d Representative IHC staining images and quantitative analysis demonstrated that silencingPtges3 and overexpressing Ctsh significantly increased CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell infiltration while decreasing FOXP3+ regulatory T cells compared to the control group. These effects were further amplified in the PD-1 antibody-treated group, indicating enhanced antitumor immunity. Data are presented as mean ± SD, with statistical significance indicated. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.